Machiavelli and Renaissance Humanism Free Essays

Renaissance Humanism is characterized as â€Å"a artistic and phonetic development an endeavor to restore traditional Latin (and later Greek), just as the qualities and sensibilities that accompanied the language† (Hunt et al, 415). I imagine that Machiavelli was a humanist of his time on the grounds that in his composing The Prince, he depended on history to give a handbook to future rulers and rulers. Machiavelli drew a lot of this manual from his past dealings with lawmakers and their self-yearning governments. We will compose a custom exposition test on Machiavelli and Renaissance Humanism or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now As I would see it he composed this manual for as an approach to show future rulers that the methods of the past ought to be clung to with the goal for Italy to recover its earlier wonder. In The Prince Machiavelli utilizes numerous models from history to show that we have to grasp the past so as to increase a prosperous future. Machiavelli’s, The Prince fills in as a handbook to future rulers with their jobs and duties. Machiavelli starts his handbook with his perspective on august ethics. He contends that all together for an individual to be a decent pioneer and remain in rule he should be a decent individual as well as that â€Å"he must figure out how to not be good† (Lawall et al, 1951) so as to shield himself from anybody attempting to overwhelm his standard. He should consistently be readied and not make himself the â€Å"good guy† constantly. Machiavelli shows that being a decent individual the entirety of the time will just take into account the awful individuals to overwhelm the great individuals, â€Å"because any individual who decides to act in all conditions the piece of a decent man must come to destroy among such huge numbers of who are not good† (Lawall et al, 1951). Machiavelli proceeds to advance his humanistic perspectives on how a ruler ought to be seen by his kin. He talks about the decisions an individual of intensity has in being â€Å"liberal† (1952) and liberal or closefisted. He proceeds to state that being too liberal will carry a man of capacity to destroy and that being economical is significant. He clarifies that up to a ruler â€Å"abstains from the property of his residents and subjects† he will pick up the regard of his kin. He proceeds to talk about that a ruler will be progressively regarded on the off chance that he is living and going through different people’s cash. He talks about the models set by Cyrus, Caesar, and Alexander in which they lived off â€Å"plunder, plunder and ransom† (1953). These three rulers were spending the â€Å"money of others† (1953) and in this manner were not harming themselves by spending what was at that point theirs. Machiavelli proceeds to clarify that â€Å"nothing gobbles itself up as quick as does liberality† (1953) in light of the fact that when rehearsed it can prompt neediness and will cause a ruler to need to bring charges which will up in turn welcome scorn on by his kin (1953). Machiavelli likewise talks about the significance of being dreaded and adored just as, being thought of as merciless yet caring all simultaneously. He utilizes Dido and Borgia as models. Borgia is utilized as the model for savagery. He says that since Borgia was so coldblooded his mercilessness carried thriving and solidarity to Romagna and along these lines was prosperous due to the dread that he ingrained in his kin. But since his Senate was too â€Å"compassionate† he lost his clout (1954). Machiavelli additionally clarifies that another sovereign is going to confront a few difficulties and in light of this will be looked to settle on hard choices that might possibly hurt his notoriety among his kin. Here he utilizes Virgil’s Dido for instance, â€Å"Hard conditions and the novelty of my domain drive me to do such things, and to oversee all my lands† (1954). From these models, Machiavelli is telling his peruser that as a sovereign they should be adaptable and show mercilessness or empathy when required in any circumstance. Machiavelli proceeds to express that a ruler ought to â€Å"be delayed in accepting and acting, and should make nobody terrified of him†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦so that â€Å"too much certainty doesn't make him imprudent, and an excess of doubt doesn't make him unbearable† (1954). This is the best approach to keep support from his kin and won't walk out on him when difficult situations arise. Renaissance Humanism is characterized as â€Å"a artistic and phonetic development an endeavor to restore traditional Latin (and later Greek), just as the qualities and sensibilities that accompanied the language† (Hunt et al, 415). Machiavelli’s The Prince was basically a handbook for how a Prince ought to depict himself yet could likewise be viewed as an everyday handbook by the ordinary individuals of his time for they were totally confronted with a similar good choices regularly. Machiavelli utilized The Prince as an entryway to make a good and philosophical guide for all individuals as a rule and uses models from history to demonstrate that the past should be grasped so as to increase a prosperous future. The most effective method to refer to Machiavelli and Renaissance Humanism, Papers

United States Economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

US Economy - Research Paper Example Presentation: History of the economy of United States We will get on an excursion to take a gander at the economy of United States. This curiosity will lead us to investigate the economy’s tasks, structures, and execution at a given time and its progressions after some time. We are going to take a gander at the enterprises that have gotten also significant in the United State economy and how the legislature is assuming control over the portion of the nation’s yield. The development of people’s pay, the circulation of people’s salary among a lot more will be tended to. For quite a while, the way to United States economy had been southern agribusiness. Be that as it may, the common war which started in April 1861 almost pulverized everything. In any case, the nation came out of the war with monetary instruments to set up the most grounded economy on the planet. Inside 30 years, the United States drove the entire world in assembling. Following 80 years, it co ntained portion of the world’s business. From 1871 to 1890, United States encountered the second modern upheaval. These are social and financial changes that outcome from wide utilization of machines underway. Developments made work simpler and more secure and this made the entire business. Processing plants began working utilizing large scale manufacturing and this prompted development of the economy. Somewhere in the range of 1861 and 1941, the economy of United States had ascended from blast to bust. This was a period between the common war and II universal war. In the principal or ensuing decade, the United States financial market development occurred in a situation where approaches set by controllers were significantly changing and conditions in the market were unsteady (Garcia, 2011). This... For quite a while, the way to United States economy had been southern horticulture. In any case, the common war which started in April 1861 about wrecked everything. Be that as it may, the nation came out of the war with monetary instruments to set up the most grounded economy on the planet. Inside 30 years, the United States drove the entire world in assembling. Following 80 years, it contained portion of the world’s business. From 1871 to 1890, United States encountered the second mechanical insurgency. These are social and financial changes that outcome from wide utilization of machines underway. Developments made work simpler and more secure and this made the entire business. Industrial facilities began working utilizing large scale manufacturing and this prompted development of the economy. Somewhere in the range of 1861 and 1941, the economy of United States had ascended from blast to bust. This was a period between the common war and II universal war. In the premier or ensuing decade, the United States financial market development occurred in a situation where strategies set by controllers were drastically changing and conditions in the market were insecure (Garcia, 2011). This came about to frustrating and unstable productivity of budgetary segment. Money related segment recorded 1.5 percent of Gross Domestic Product from 1960 to 1970s however after wards diminished to 1 percent in 1980s. In 1990s, the Gross Domestic Product started to rise and inside ten years, it was up to 3 percent.

4 Critical Principles of Effective Calls to Action

4 Critical Principles of Effective Calls to Action One of the important parts of your marketing campaign is the call to action. It’s a small part but powerful enough to determine whether you succeed or fail in your campaign.The call to action is a very short message telling the prospect what to do.It’s an attempt to convince the prospect that if he takes the action he’s told to take, he will experience some benefits.The challenge however is, how convincing are you?But as much as this is a valid question, it doesn’t bring out the whole truth.Technically speaking, your convincing power isn’t what is truly being tested here. It’s your knowledge of what works and what doesn’t.There are certain words which when used, they increase your chances of getting your customers’ attention. There are others which when used, will cause even your most loyal customers to change their loyalty.So which words should you use and which ones shouldn’t you use?In this article, we will talk about the message and how you should craft it.Howev er, you should know that the message is not all it takes to have an effective call to action.This articles looks at principles.It details the things you should focus on so as to come up with an effective overall message.After reading it, you’ll be able to make the necessary improvements to your CTA and even help others do the same.PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE CTAsFor you to have a call to action which gives you the expected results, there are four things you need to do.For every one of these that you fail to do, you increase your chances of losing out on the opportunities around you.Calls to action can be used anywhere. As long as it’s a marketing campaign, CTAs can be included.All the same, you may need to make small adjustments so as to align with the different platforms or modes of communication.The good thing is that once you know what needs to be done and you do it well, success is guaranteed.1. The Engagement PathThe first thing you have to do is take time to design the overall engagement path to be followed.Whether your CTA is for your landing page or it’s for your email subscribers, the engagement path should be the same.The engagement path is the path which everyone will follow as you lead them towards conversion. The experience your landing page visitors will have should be the same as that which others will have.This makes it easier for you to design and develop everything. Without the need for different designs, you’re able to focus on providing the best experience for everyone.For your prospects, the same look and feel shows consistency and trust.There are three primary routes to take when it comes to CTAs. They can be more than that depending on your business and your specific target customers.Landing page â€" the landing page is the most common place CTAs are found. Landing pages are web pages created specifically to aid in marketing. They work as part of the lead life cycle.The engagement path is the map to the destination. It shows where to go, what to do and how to do it. For the landing page, this includes the design of the page, the colors used, copy written and even the location of the elements. More on this in the section about CTA messaging.Email â€" the email route is one which can only be taken by your email subscribers. For this reason, even if you have millions of them, the reach can be limited compared to what you have on the Internet.At the same time, even your subscribers might interact with you landing page before they read your email. This is because emails have lower engagement due to low open rates. Your landing page on the other hand might be shared on social media and attract new leads.Phone call â€" phone conversations can also be used for lead generation and nurturing activities. These are well suited for products which are new. The need to explain the features and benefits of the new products make emails and landing pages less effective.If taking this route, you need to ensure that once the prosp ect is engaged, he gets to follow a similar path as that followed by your web visitors. Since you will most likely implement a menu system, it’s important to ensure the options are clear and easy to understand.The menus should not make it difficult for the customer to decide which option to pick.Also, make sure there is an “exit strategy” in case the customer wants to opt out. Remember to include live humans in the system and provide a means of customers jumping straight to them.2. VisibilityThe reason you have a CTA on your landing page is for conversions.But are you going to make conversions if the call to action is not visible?For an effective call to action, visibility does not mean just being able to be seen. Visibility here means attracting attention.Everything on your landing page exists to serve only one purpose: getting visitors to take your preferred action.So how do you ensure proper visibility for your call to action?There are three factors to consider. These are t he format, color and position of the CTA.FormatThe format of the call to action is key. There are basically two format types here. The text format and the graphical format.The text format is quite old school and you may struggle to find it in any modern landing page.This is where the call to action is a simple text hyperlink. But the graphical is different and it’s what is more common.Graphical CTAs provide a visual aspect that helps in attracting attention. And when the attention is captured, it becomes easier to get visitors to do what you want them to do.These CTAs will often take the form of a button. This works well since as humans, we are conditioned to click buttons. A button CTA therefore attracts clicks.When working with buttons, put the below in mind:Button shape â€" the shape of the button should be a consideration. The shape of the CTA button contributes a lot to its attractiveness. As such, as much as you may be creative and adventurous, there are shapes you shouldn†™t use. For example, a triangle button may yield unexpected results. Source: MaxTrafficThe most common, tried and tested shapes are round and rectangle.These two have been used for long and have been proven to be effective. In any case, when you think of many things which can be clicked or pressed, aren’t they either round or rectangle?Button size â€" the size of the button is also important. Have a small button and it might not be noticed. Have a big button and it may imply that you’re trying to pile pressure on your page visitors. If they feel as if they’re being coerced, they won’t take action.That means that the ideal solution is in getting the size right. For you to know the right size, you might need to test different sizes.Generally though, an average size button should not be difficult to design. A look at some great landing pages can give you some idea of the right size.ColorColors are very important when designing both the landing page and call to action. Apart from the overall design of the page and the messaging, colors are what at tract visitors and move them.There is a whole area of study dedicated to colors. It’s called the psychology of colors. It has been shown that colors affect our emotions and whatever affects emotions affects decision making.Emotions are very powerful and they often override logic.To get the best results where colors are concerned, you need to first have your brand color in mind. You cannot design your landing page and call to action without factoring in your brand’s color.As for the CTA button, it’s important that it stands out from everything else on the page. You will easily achieve this by using contrasting colors.PositionHaving the perfect combination of colors for your landing page and CTA button isn’t enough. There is the issue of positioning.Where is your call to action positioned?At the top of the page, at the middle or at the bottom?This can be a tricky one to decide and although you can get quick suggestions, it’s best to put in some research work.Most landing pag e designers will tell you that somewhere at the middle is the ideal location.That has been proven to be true in many cases. However, just to be sure and also for the sake of understanding your web visitors better, consider using heat maps.Heat maps are software tools which help you see and understand where people are looking when they visit your page.They use color codes to show you where page scrolling stops, which part of your page people spend much time on, and even the areas clicked.This helps you understand the behavior of your page visitors.Such insight will help you know where to position your call to action so as to get the best results.3. MessagingWith your page and call to action designed for maximum visibility, the next thing to work on is the message. In marketing terms, this message is referred to as copy.Without a good copy, the page visitor will like what he sees but take no action. You will have lost the opportunity since you’re not out to simply make the visitor l ike your page. Your intention is to get him to take the action you want.This is achieved by use of the right words. How you communicate your message is what makes the difference.Any great copy should answer questions on what, why, when and how much.Here is a brief discussion on that.1. What â€" this is the action you want your page visitors to take. The question is, what do you want them to do? To register? Buy? Download? This should be communicated very clearly and the message should be concise.2. Why â€" your page visitors have very many options; far too many to even count. And they know it. It’s the nature of the competition. Something else, they don’t have much time and they easily get bored. To get them hooked, you have to tell them the benefits.Ask yourself, why should they do what I’m telling them to do? To see how important this question is, put yourself in the visitor’s shoes and ask yourself, “If I were browsing and looking for a solution, what would make me choo se this one?” It’s critical to understand that in writing copy, your choice of words really matters. You don’t have to write very many words but just the right ones. Do not try to show the sense of your solution since not many people buy logically. Most people buy emotionally.For that reason, tune your message to touch on their emotions. You will achieve this by focusing on the experience. Show your page visitors what your offer will help them experience.The better the promise, the higher the chances of them doing what you’re asking them to do.3. When â€" still, an irresistible offer isn’t all you need. Your message also needs to have the time factor. Keeping in mind that your page visitors are skeptics and want to be sure of value before buying, you have to “catch” them quickly.The more time they need to think about your offer, the less the chances of choosing it. Focus on helping them make the decision as soon as possible. And that can only be immediately. This is wh ere you use the “Now” messaging tactic.You will have to show them the benefits of the offer, and of choosing it NOW. You do this by creating a sense of urgency. Use words such as “Now” and “Today” to show the urgency.You can also use phrases which indicate that time is running out. Examples include “Limited stocks,” “While stocks last” etc.You can also include other offers into the urgency. For example, “Shop TODAY and get a FREE gift” or “First 100 customers get a FREE gift.” A quick tip here: put some emphasis on the free gift. The more valuable the gift, the higher the chances of customer action.4. How much One of the example CTA message given above is “Shop TODAY and get a FREE gift.” Apart from the emphasis on the word “Today,” there is also an emphasis on the word “Free.”If you want your call to action to be effective, you must show page visitors that the action you want them to take will cost them nothing. Do not assume that because yo u’ve not indicated the cost, people will assume it’s free. What if they assume there is a surprise cost coming?No-one likes such surprises.Moreover, humans have been shown to love free stuff. If not free stuff, then the least expensive, as long as they believe they are getting value. This seems hardwired in the brain.4. TestingThe forth principle of an effective call to action is testing.Many marketers spend a lot of time designing their landing pages and crafting the message. They launch their pages and hope to get the expected results.When the expected results don’t come, they decide to make changes.They either change aspects of the landing page and CTA or focus on completely different marketing techniques.They are quite right about the change. But they are missing something.To avoid too many and too frequent changes, you need to test your calls to action before settling on a particular one.You do this by running an A/B test.A/B Testing Calls to ActionAn A/B test simply test s two versions of the same thing to help you know which is better. The one whose results are better is the one you choose to work with.As we talk about A/B testing calls to action, it’s important to note that testing is usually a continuous process.That does not mean that you start the test and keep it running for eternity. You test for a period of time, use what works best then test again after some time.The need for continuous testing comes from the ever-changing dynamics of the customer. What appealed to your page visitors today, may not appeal to them after six months.For the test, you need to create two versions of the same element.For example, you can create two versions of the CTA headline. Run a live test on these and analyze the information you get.A/B testing tools have the ability to gather information on customer interaction.For example, let’s say that you want to test two versions of the headlines. You will develop two landing pages. Everything will be exactly the s ame apart from the headline. The page which performs best gets retained.You can test for anything. From the design of the page, the shape of the CTA button to its color.In one case study, an A/B test was run pitting a green button and a red one. Everything else was the same. Source: HubSpotThe test confirmed that colors have an impact on human behavior.From over 2,000 page visits, the results showed that the red button was clicked more by 21%.Put differently, the red button generated 21% more conversions than the green one.Do you see the importance of testing your CTAs? Testing can be the difference between more and few conversions.In your case also, once you design your call to action, make sure you do some testing to ascertain what works best.CONCLUSIONNow you are well equipped to craft effective calls to action.As you design your campaign, keep in mind the principles we’ve shared with you.These will help you come up with the perfect message communicated in the right way.

Explain How External Environment Influence an...

External environment aims to help an organisation to obtain opportunities and threats that will affect the organisation’s competitive situation. External opportunities are characteristics of the external environment that have the potential to help the organization achieve or exceed its strategic goals. External threats are characteristics of the external environment that may prevent the organization from achieving its strategic goals. Therefore, organisations must formulate appropriate strategies to take advantage of the opportunities while overcome the threats in order to achieve their strategic goals. The external environment consists of variables that are outside the organization and not typically within the short-run control of top†¦show more content†¦In order to retain customers, companies must formulate appropriate strategies to compete with the substitutes. For example, milk producers compete with soy milk producers. However, strategy formulation is also influenced by the degree of turbulence of the external environment. A high degree of turbulence exists if changeability is high and predictability is low. Companies need to formulate strategies based on the planned prescriptive approach if turbulence is low, whereas based on the unplanned emergent approach if turbulence is high. How organizations overcome environmental changes? Organisations need to deal with environmental changes with appropriate strategies. First, organisations may choose to wait and see. Such strategy has its advantages and disadvantages. For example, facing a significant technological change, some companies may choose to integrate the new technology into their products. If they are successful, the rest companies’ ‘wait and see’ strategy is obviously unwise. However, if they failed, the rest companies’ ‘wait and see’ strategy appears wise. As a result, strategic decision making is impacted on and opportunities may either be lost or capitalised on. Second, organisations may choose to change in response to environmental changes through either proactive or reactive. Proactive change involves actively attempting to make alterations to the work place and its practices. Companies that take a proactive approach to change are often trying toShow MoreRelated1.1 Discuss the Purpose of Corporate Communication Strategies16606 Words   |  67 PagesFROM ‘STRATEGY’ TO ‘CORPORATE COMMUNICATION STRATEGY’: A CONCEPTUALISATION Paper delivered at the 9th International Public Relations Research Symposium, held at Lake Bled from 4-7 July, 2002 Benita Steyn APR Lecturer Dept of Marketing and Communication Management Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences University of Pretoria SOUTH AFRICA 0002 (27 12) 420-4040 w (27 12) 362-5085 fax bsteyn@hakuna.up.ac.za TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 INTRODUCTION DEFINITION OF TERMS Read MoreThe Purpose of Human Resource Management Policies in Organisations1323 Words   |  6 Pagesare realistic and sustainable. However, the plan could have been supported by key indications about the available funds for human resource activities and the mechanisms used in the prioritization of human resource projects. 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Airline Industry - 1221 Words

One of the world’s most competitive and prominent industries is the airlines industry. It generates huge amounts of income as well as employment each year. Some of the common names in US air travel service providers are Alaska, Northwest, Southwest, US airways, American etc. According to the latest statistics given by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the airline sector will post a profit of $9 billion in 2011. After the recent credit crunch, economies are now coming back to normal, business travel is increasing and investments in the airlines are now rising. Political/Legal influences Privatization Over the years airlines have undergone large-scale privatization; previously a significant portion of airlines†¦show more content†¦Government policies Fiscal policies of the government can have significant impact on the industry’s performance. Governments generally impose high taxes on airline industry, which is passed on to the customers in the form of higher air fares, alternatively airlines reduce the number of staff is cut down costs. An example is United Kingdom, when the UK government imposed high taxes on the aviation industry, the number of cargo operators reduced sharply in order to reduce costs (My-Efficient-Planet, 2010). On the other hand governments support aviation industry by building airports, roads and hotels near airports, because they recognize this industry as an important ingredient for economic well-being. In addition governments arrange security at the airports to ensure safe journey. The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 have had negative implications for the industry. Over the years, all the airlines have changed their routes, marketing tactics and prices; they are also making an effort to reduce the fear and negative image associated with air-planes. Governments have imposed strict security checks on air travel passengers in order to avoid any unforeseen terrorist activity. Economic forces GDP The growth of airline industry in any country is directly proportional to its GDP growth; the greater the business activity, the more air travel and the higher the GDP of the country. The demandShow MoreRelatedAirline Industry : The Airlines Essay1637 Words   |  7 Pagespaper, I equally contemplated each industry while being forced to choose only one to focus on. I felt the most inclined to select the airlines industry, specifically Delta Airlines, since my father is a longtime employee for the company. I believe this assignment is an interesting and enthralling way for young people to begin to understand the complexity and importance that goes into analyzing an industry’s annual, quarterly and daily reports. The airlines industry has always been and will alwaysRead MoreThe Airlines And The Airline Industry800 Words   |  4 PagesThe airline industry has been around for years, it has suffered its ups and downs due to attacks such as the one that occurred in September 11, and even most recent as the Paris attack that occurred this past year. Major Airlines have suffered a decline in their profitability which has forced many airlines to file for bankruptcy. However, when bad times hit an industry some companies are forced to quit, while others are forced to change their strategy and continue moving forward. In the airline industryRead MoreAirline Industry1042 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen a key part of business and will continue to be. Technology increases productivity, efficiency, and in many times lowers the cost of making products. When looking to acquire another company one must compare the technology of that company to its industry. 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This industry is able to provide convenient transportation to people that wants to travel long distances. The airplane has been an invention that has improved the way people travel from one place to another. People has been able to experience traveling in a different way since the presence of airplanes. The airline industry has developed over time and is making it possible to travel to far places in a smallRead MoreSouthwest Airlines And The Airline Industry1640 Words   |  7 PagesSouthwest Airlines, a cost leader in the airline industry, was faced with an important decision on whether or not to enter LaGuardia Airport’s expensive, heavily regulated and congested market. How does a leader airline in discount airfare, continue to expand into high traffic markets without compromising its core strategies and disrupting its existing network? Founded in 1967, Southwest entered the airline industry at a time when interstate travel was heavily regulated by the Civil Aeronautics BoardRead MoreAirline Industry : Delta Airlines1599 Words   |  7 Pages Though Delta Airlines which is my choice of Airline does not operate solely as cargo carrier but as both passengers and Cargo carrier. Usually people ask where the difference between passengers and cargo carrier lies and the difference is simply the schedule and types of aircrafts used in each operation. For cargo only freighters there is no need for windows, seats and other comforts usually expected by customers. But operating a combined passenger/cargo aircraft, most basic requirementsRead MoreSouthwest Airlines And The Airline Industry946 Words   |  4 PagesExecutive Summary Southwest Airlines is a competitor in the airline industry who models themselves as a low fare company who cares about people. These two aspects are that backbone to their business. It is what sets them apart from their major competitors, such as Delta/Northwest, Continental/United, JetBlue, and Allegiant. Government regulation has allowed for more travel due to deregulation. This means there are more consumers than ever entering the industry. As more consumers enter the marketRead MoreAirline Industry : Southwest Airlines1925 Words   |  8 PagesSouthwest Airlines, founded in 1967, entered the airline industry at a time when the interstate travel was heavily regulated by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB).10 Some of those regulations are airlines were not allowed to discount fares even when their planes were at half capacity, airlines were not able to add new routes or remove old routes, and new carriers were not allowed to enter the interstate airline travel.10 Due to these regulations on the interstate market and seeing the success ofRead MoreAirline Industry : Southwest Airlines837 Words   |  4 Pagessuch as declining unemployment rates and rising income levels. Therefore, airline companies such as Southwest Airlines differentiate their brands from competitors by proactively creating value for customers. Since 2001, the airline industry has experienced greater costs due to the failing economy, volatile prices for fuel, and increased global competition. In order to combat these environmental factors, Southwest Airlines keeps airfare costs lower than those of competitors, focuses on fuel-efficient

Biomedical Approach Free Essays

Introduction Since the time of Enlightenment, Western ideas of health have been dominated by the biomedical approach. The basis on which these opinions are founded is that an individual is not responsible for their illness and that the mind and body work separately from each other. Health, in the eyes of this approach can be deemed as simply the absence of disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Biomedical Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now Part of the reason this vision of health has dominated so much, is that it’s practiced by the majority of the health professionals and is the staple of the care received in hospitals. The aim of this assignment is to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of this system, and to suggest the advantages that using a social model to view health could bring. Discussion Health, is a word that carries a broad spectrum of meanings, it is defined differently in all walks of life. Biomedical health although being the most recognised is not the only approach and has been called by Naidoo and Wills (200, p. 9) â€Å"a narrow view of health†. The social Model contrasts this approach. It focuses on the social and economic factors regarding health and looks at ways to prevent illness before it occurs. Even in the most affluent countries, people who are less well off have substantially shorter life expectancies (Marmot and Wilkinson, 2003), a social view on health would take this information into account, placing emphasis on improving the quality of life to increase life expectancy. Contrastingly the Biomedical method would look at a patient and prescribe necessary medication, although usually being effective in the short term, this would do nothing to stop the person getting ill again as they would return to the same unhealthy lifestyle or environment. This could be seen as impersonal, but this scientific approach can be useful in many scenarios as it has been said by Pearson, Vaughan and FitzGerald(2005, p54) that â€Å"the overriding concern for the patient is for cure and control of his or her disease, and this model gives clear direction in this respect†. The Biomedical Model has strengths in the sense that illnesses are not always caused by environmental or lifestyle related factors. Rather than trying to explain the illness, it searches for a cure. Biomedical science can give instant relief to people who are suffering or in pain, for people involved in accidents and emergency situations this approach is second to none. It accepts accidents are sometimes unavoidable and concentrates on restoring the individual to health in a direct manner. Discarding freak accidents the social model could prove useful. Wilkinson and Marmot(2005, p24) state â€Å"individuals turn to alcohol drugs and tobacco, suffer from their use, but it is influenced by the wider social setting† . Upon taking this statement into account, it could be argued that the social model would have a greater effect in reducing the number of people turning to drugs or alcohol. The biomedical approach would examine the physiology of the situation in an attempt to understand why an individual might become dependent on a drug. The treatment might consist of giving the patient another drug to help them come off the substance they are using, but the social method would encourage support groups or the 12 step method that was first practiced by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). This method was originally brought about in the 70’s and involves patients admitting they are powerless to alcohol and coming to believe that a greater power can restore them to health. Although it had much success, it didn’t take account for those who did not believe in religion. Since then non twelve step programs have been brought about that focus on counselling patients on how to take control of their lives. Many centres that practice this method such as the Narconon Freedom Centre(NFC) claim to have a 70% success rate. It is apparent that both biomedical and social models have their place in treating addicts and biomedical science could definitely benefit from the use of techniques from the social model in this case. Because the term health is subjective it can be defined differently. The Biomedical approach may deem someone who is disabled as unhealthy. The way they would aim to treat, for instance someone who has lost the use of their legs is to give them a wheelchair, if the person then became depressed they might give them medication to alleviate the symptoms of depression. This scientific model is supported by evidence and does work in the sense that disabled people can get medication to decrease pain or equipment to make day to day life easier. The social model however approaches disability in an entirely different manner and Smart (2006-2007)states that â€Å"much of the prejudice and discrimination experienced by people with disabilities occurs not in spite of the Biomedical Model, but because of the Biomedical Model†. It known that disabled people can often be the target of discrimination and stereotyping, perhaps this has something to do with the picture of disability that has een painted by biomedical science. Because the biomedical approach has been at the forefront of health it is understandable that people are disposed to think in accordance of its views, but this doesn’t mean that they are always right. â€Å"The profession of medicine has, for centuries, been based on the two outcome paradigm of cure or death and vestiges of t his paradigm are reflected in payment systems. Therefore, after medical stabilization, much of the funding is withdrawn, not taking into consideration the individual’s greatest needs (Yelin, 1992). This quote reiterates the point that the biomedical view may not always be right. The social model in this case would take into account the full recovery of a person so they could return to a desirable quality of life. This is because the social model recognises the fact that if a person is affected by something it can impact on their life socially and economically, which in turn can cause numerous problems such as depression, effect on relationships, stress, and anxiety etc. To see a person as healthy as soon as there condition is stable is a very biomedical approach to the issue, it is possibly unwise to think that as soon as the patient is deemed stable they can return to a normal lifestyle. The possible repercussions of this approach are that many patients will likely return and need more treatment soon after they have left. A potential benefit of using the health model when viewing a situation like the one previously mentioned, is that the patient might be able to receive services like marriage counselling. This is because the social model takes more account of the effects ill health can have on the patients’ social life. If a patient is depressed this might also have an effect on the health of their friends and family meaning that they too may need healthcare for example a depressed patient may take their anger out by being abusive or violent to those around them. This is obviously not good for the family’s health so In the grand scheme of things a social approach may also help in keeping the patients family in good health. â€Å"The cultural identification of the individual is often ignored because the Biomedical Model is based only on biological, organic needs. Psychiatric disabilities, which are highly dependent upon the environment of the individual, are not well-funded. Such environmental accommodations could render the individual highly functional (Wright, 1991). For people with psychiatric disabilities the biomedical approach may help to calm them down or nullify the effects of their illness. However little is done to improve their quality of life and this, it could be argued, seems almost de-humanizing. The model of health would prove useful in this situation by simply creating a nicer environment that will greatly assist the person to return to health. If a return to health is not possible, this improvement in environment would still give the person a much more fulfilling life and help to put the families of patients’ minds at ease. Conclusion On reviewing and comparing the biomedical and social models of health, it can be seen that both models have strengths and weaknesses. Because the biomedical approach has been at the forefront of health people trust it because it’s what they are used too.. This approach is supported by a wealth of scientific evidence and knowledge and it can efficiently cure a wide range of illnesses or diseases. However the biomedical model takes little into account for the environment of patients and how this can affect their health. The social model realises that health can be defined in ways other than simply â€Å"the absence of disease†. It also takes into account that all patients’ ideas of health are different and require different treatments. On conclusion it is clear that both models are invaluable and the best means for keeping people healthy and administering care would be through using a combination of both methods. Exact word count:1490 References Alcoholics Anonymous, n. d. The Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. [online] Available at: http://www. aa. org/en_pdfs/smf-121_en. pdf [Accessed 18 December 2010] Barker, R. Kirk, J. and Munday, R. J. , 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Marmot, M. G. And Wilkinson, R. G. , 2006 Social Detirminants of Health: the Solid Facts 2nd ed, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Naidoo, J. And Wills, J. ,2009 Health Promotion: Foundations for practice 2nd ed. London, Balliere Tindall Narconon Freedom Centre, n. d. [online] Available at: http://www. freedomdrugrehab. om[Accessed 17 december 2010]. Pearson, A. Vaughan, B. and FitzGerald, M. , 2005. Nursing Models for Practice. 3rd ed. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann. Smart, J. , 2006-2007. Challenges to the Biomedical Model of Disability. Advances in Medical Psychotherapy Psychodiagnosis, Volume 12,. p1 Wright, B. A. (1991). Labeling: The need for greater person-environment individuation. In C. R. Snyder D. R. Forsythe (Eds. ), Handboo k of social and clinical pyschology (pp. 469-487). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Yelin, E. H. (1992). Disability and the displaced worker. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University How to cite Biomedical Approach, Papers

Biomedical Approach Free Essays

Introduction Since the time of Enlightenment, Western ideas of health have been dominated by the biomedical approach. The basis on which these opinions are founded is that an individual is not responsible for their illness and that the mind and body work separately from each other. Health, in the eyes of this approach can be deemed as simply the absence of disease. We will write a custom essay sample on Biomedical Approach or any similar topic only for you Order Now Part of the reason this vision of health has dominated so much, is that it’s practiced by the majority of the health professionals and is the staple of the care received in hospitals. The aim of this assignment is to demonstrate the strengths and weaknesses of this system, and to suggest the advantages that using a social model to view health could bring. Discussion Health, is a word that carries a broad spectrum of meanings, it is defined differently in all walks of life. Biomedical health although being the most recognised is not the only approach and has been called by Naidoo and Wills (200, p. 9) â€Å"a narrow view of health†. The social Model contrasts this approach. It focuses on the social and economic factors regarding health and looks at ways to prevent illness before it occurs. Even in the most affluent countries, people who are less well off have substantially shorter life expectancies (Marmot and Wilkinson, 2003), a social view on health would take this information into account, placing emphasis on improving the quality of life to increase life expectancy. Contrastingly the Biomedical method would look at a patient and prescribe necessary medication, although usually being effective in the short term, this would do nothing to stop the person getting ill again as they would return to the same unhealthy lifestyle or environment. This could be seen as impersonal, but this scientific approach can be useful in many scenarios as it has been said by Pearson, Vaughan and FitzGerald(2005, p54) that â€Å"the overriding concern for the patient is for cure and control of his or her disease, and this model gives clear direction in this respect†. The Biomedical Model has strengths in the sense that illnesses are not always caused by environmental or lifestyle related factors. Rather than trying to explain the illness, it searches for a cure. Biomedical science can give instant relief to people who are suffering or in pain, for people involved in accidents and emergency situations this approach is second to none. It accepts accidents are sometimes unavoidable and concentrates on restoring the individual to health in a direct manner. Discarding freak accidents the social model could prove useful. Wilkinson and Marmot(2005, p24) state â€Å"individuals turn to alcohol drugs and tobacco, suffer from their use, but it is influenced by the wider social setting† . Upon taking this statement into account, it could be argued that the social model would have a greater effect in reducing the number of people turning to drugs or alcohol. The biomedical approach would examine the physiology of the situation in an attempt to understand why an individual might become dependent on a drug. The treatment might consist of giving the patient another drug to help them come off the substance they are using, but the social method would encourage support groups or the 12 step method that was first practiced by Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). This method was originally brought about in the 70’s and involves patients admitting they are powerless to alcohol and coming to believe that a greater power can restore them to health. Although it had much success, it didn’t take account for those who did not believe in religion. Since then non twelve step programs have been brought about that focus on counselling patients on how to take control of their lives. Many centres that practice this method such as the Narconon Freedom Centre(NFC) claim to have a 70% success rate. It is apparent that both biomedical and social models have their place in treating addicts and biomedical science could definitely benefit from the use of techniques from the social model in this case. Because the term health is subjective it can be defined differently. The Biomedical approach may deem someone who is disabled as unhealthy. The way they would aim to treat, for instance someone who has lost the use of their legs is to give them a wheelchair, if the person then became depressed they might give them medication to alleviate the symptoms of depression. This scientific model is supported by evidence and does work in the sense that disabled people can get medication to decrease pain or equipment to make day to day life easier. The social model however approaches disability in an entirely different manner and Smart (2006-2007)states that â€Å"much of the prejudice and discrimination experienced by people with disabilities occurs not in spite of the Biomedical Model, but because of the Biomedical Model†. It known that disabled people can often be the target of discrimination and stereotyping, perhaps this has something to do with the picture of disability that has een painted by biomedical science. Because the biomedical approach has been at the forefront of health it is understandable that people are disposed to think in accordance of its views, but this doesn’t mean that they are always right. â€Å"The profession of medicine has, for centuries, been based on the two outcome paradigm of cure or death and vestiges of t his paradigm are reflected in payment systems. Therefore, after medical stabilization, much of the funding is withdrawn, not taking into consideration the individual’s greatest needs (Yelin, 1992). This quote reiterates the point that the biomedical view may not always be right. The social model in this case would take into account the full recovery of a person so they could return to a desirable quality of life. This is because the social model recognises the fact that if a person is affected by something it can impact on their life socially and economically, which in turn can cause numerous problems such as depression, effect on relationships, stress, and anxiety etc. To see a person as healthy as soon as there condition is stable is a very biomedical approach to the issue, it is possibly unwise to think that as soon as the patient is deemed stable they can return to a normal lifestyle. The possible repercussions of this approach are that many patients will likely return and need more treatment soon after they have left. A potential benefit of using the health model when viewing a situation like the one previously mentioned, is that the patient might be able to receive services like marriage counselling. This is because the social model takes more account of the effects ill health can have on the patients’ social life. If a patient is depressed this might also have an effect on the health of their friends and family meaning that they too may need healthcare for example a depressed patient may take their anger out by being abusive or violent to those around them. This is obviously not good for the family’s health so In the grand scheme of things a social approach may also help in keeping the patients family in good health. â€Å"The cultural identification of the individual is often ignored because the Biomedical Model is based only on biological, organic needs. Psychiatric disabilities, which are highly dependent upon the environment of the individual, are not well-funded. Such environmental accommodations could render the individual highly functional (Wright, 1991). For people with psychiatric disabilities the biomedical approach may help to calm them down or nullify the effects of their illness. However little is done to improve their quality of life and this, it could be argued, seems almost de-humanizing. The model of health would prove useful in this situation by simply creating a nicer environment that will greatly assist the person to return to health. If a return to health is not possible, this improvement in environment would still give the person a much more fulfilling life and help to put the families of patients’ minds at ease. Conclusion On reviewing and comparing the biomedical and social models of health, it can be seen that both models have strengths and weaknesses. Because the biomedical approach has been at the forefront of health people trust it because it’s what they are used too.. This approach is supported by a wealth of scientific evidence and knowledge and it can efficiently cure a wide range of illnesses or diseases. However the biomedical model takes little into account for the environment of patients and how this can affect their health. The social model realises that health can be defined in ways other than simply â€Å"the absence of disease†. It also takes into account that all patients’ ideas of health are different and require different treatments. On conclusion it is clear that both models are invaluable and the best means for keeping people healthy and administering care would be through using a combination of both methods. Exact word count:1490 References Alcoholics Anonymous, n. d. The Twelve Steps of Alcoholics Anonymous. [online] Available at: http://www. aa. org/en_pdfs/smf-121_en. pdf [Accessed 18 December 2010] Barker, R. Kirk, J. and Munday, R. J. , 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Marmot, M. G. And Wilkinson, R. G. , 2006 Social Detirminants of Health: the Solid Facts 2nd ed, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Naidoo, J. And Wills, J. ,2009 Health Promotion: Foundations for practice 2nd ed. London, Balliere Tindall Narconon Freedom Centre, n. d. [online] Available at: http://www. freedomdrugrehab. om[Accessed 17 december 2010]. Pearson, A. Vaughan, B. and FitzGerald, M. , 2005. Nursing Models for Practice. 3rd ed. Oxford : Butterworth-Heinemann. Smart, J. , 2006-2007. Challenges to the Biomedical Model of Disability. Advances in Medical Psychotherapy Psychodiagnosis, Volume 12,. p1 Wright, B. A. (1991). Labeling: The need for greater person-environment individuation. In C. R. Snyder D. R. Forsythe (Eds. ), Handboo k of social and clinical pyschology (pp. 469-487). Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Yelin, E. H. (1992). Disability and the displaced worker. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University How to cite Biomedical Approach, Papers